Introduction Of Survey | Role of Surveying in Civil Engineering

Introduction Of Survey or What is Survey:

A survey is a method of collecting data and information about a particular subject, which could be a physical location, a population, a product, or a service. Surveying involves the use of various techniques and instruments to collect accurate and detailed information about a subject.

The need for surveying arises from the fact that data and information are crucial in making decisions and planning. Whether it is a construction project, a business strategy, or a policy decision, having accurate and detailed information about the subject is essential to ensure success.

Here are some of the key reasons why surveying is necessary:

To Create Maps and Plans: Surveying is essential in creating accurate maps and plans for various purposes. Land surveyors use various techniques and tools to determine the dimensions and features of a piece of land, which are used to create land maps and plans for construction, real estate transactions, and land-use planning.
To Measure and Analyze Physical Features: Surveying helps to measure and analyze physical features of an area, such as elevation, slope, and terrain. This information is useful in a variety of applications, including construction, civil engineering, and environmental management.
To Conduct Market Research: Surveys are commonly used in market research to collect data and information about consumer preferences, behavior, and trends. This information is used to develop marketing strategies, product design, and business plans.
To Collect Data for Policy Planning: Surveys are used in collecting data and information for policy planning and decision-making. Government agencies and policymakers use surveys to collect information about social, economic, and environmental issues, which are used to develop policies and programs.
To Ensure Accuracy and Safety in Construction: Surveying is essential in ensuring accuracy and safety in construction projects. Surveyors use precise instruments to measure and mark the boundaries, positions, and elevations of structures, which are used to ensure that buildings and other structures are constructed safely and according to specifications.

Types of Survey

1. Classification Of Survey Based On Accuracy Desired

Plane Surveying: Plane surveying, also known as terrestrial surveying, is a type of surveying where the curvature of the earth is ignored, and measurements are taken as if the earth’s surface is flat. This type of surveying is suitable for small areas, usually less than 250 square kilometers, where the effect of the earth’s curvature is negligible. Plane surveying is commonly used in construction, land surveying, and other applications where high accuracy is not required.
Geodetic Surveying: Geodetic surveying, also known as global surveying, is a type of surveying where the curvature of the earth is taken into account, and measurements are taken with respect to a geodetic datum. Geodetic surveying is suitable for large areas, where the effect of the earth’s curvature cannot be ignored. This type of surveying is used for mapping and surveying large areas such as states, countries, and continents. Geodetic surveying is more accurate than plane surveying and requires specialized equipment and techniques.

2. Classification Of Survey Based On Place Of Survey

Land Survey: Land surveying is the most common type of surveying and involves measuring and mapping the physical features of the earth’s surface. Land surveying is used to determine boundaries, the shape and size of land parcels, and to create maps for land-use planning, construction, and real estate transactions.
Hydrographic Survey: Hydrographic surveying is a type of surveying that is used to measure and map the physical features of bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Hydrographic surveys are conducted to determine the depth, shape, and features of the water body to assist in navigation, resource management, and environmental monitoring.
Underground Survey: Underground surveying involves measuring and mapping the features and structures beneath the earth’s surface, such as tunnels, mines, and caverns. This type of surveying is used in mining, civil engineering, and construction projects to ensure safety and accuracy in the excavation process.
Aerial Survey: Aerial surveying involves measuring and mapping the physical features of the earth’s surface from the air. Aerial surveying is typically done using planes, drones, or satellites and is used in cartography, land-use planning, and resource management.

3. Classification Of Survey Based On Instrument Used

Chain Survey: Chain survey is one of the oldest methods of land surveying that involves measuring distances using a chain. It is a simple and inexpensive method used for small areas, and the accuracy of the results depends on the precision of the chain used.
Traverse Survey: Traverse survey is a method of surveying that involves measuring the distances and directions between a series of interconnected points. It is used to determine the boundaries of land parcels and for establishing control points for larger surveys.
Leveling: Leveling is a method of surveying used to determine the relative height of different points on the earth’s surface. It is commonly used in construction projects to ensure that the building site is level.
Tacheometry: Tacheometry is a surveying method that involves measuring both vertical and horizontal distances simultaneously. It is used to determine the elevation and location of points on the earth’s surface and is commonly used in construction and engineering projects.
Plane Tabling: Plane tabling is a surveying method that involves measuring angles and distances using a drawing board. It is a simple and inexpensive method used for small areas and is commonly used in topographic surveys.
Triangulation: Triangulation is a surveying method that involves measuring the angles between a series of points. It is used to determine the distance and location of points on the earth’s surface and is commonly used in large-scale surveys.
EDM Survey: EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) survey is a surveying method that involves using electronic equipment to measure distances between points. It is a highly accurate method and is commonly used in large-scale construction projects.
Total Station Survey: Total station survey is a surveying method that combines EDM with a theodolite, allowing for highly accurate measurements of both distances and angles. It is commonly used in construction and engineering projects.
Satellite Survey: A satellite survey is a surveying method that uses GPS (Global Positioning System) technology to determine the location of points on the Earth’s surface. It is commonly used in mapping and surveying large areas and is highly accurate.

4. Classification Of Survey Based On Purpose

Geological Survey: Geological surveying involves the study and mapping of the earth’s geology. It is used to identify and locate geological resources such as minerals, oil, and gas. Geological surveying is also used in the study of natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
Geographical Survey: Geographical surveying involves mapping the physical features of the earth’s surface such as mountains, rivers, and valleys. It is used to create maps for navigation, resource management, and land-use planning.
Engineering Survey: Engineering surveying involves the study and mapping of the physical features of the earth’s surface that are relevant to engineering projects such as construction, road and bridge building, and mining. It is used to ensure the safe and accurate construction of buildings and infrastructure.
Cadastral Survey: Cadastral surveying involves the measurement and mapping of land ownership and boundaries. It is used to establish property boundaries for legal and administrative purposes such as taxation and land registration.
Defence Survey: Defence surveying involves the mapping of terrain, buildings, and other physical features for military purposes. It is used to create maps for military planning, intelligence gathering, and navigation.
Mine Survey: Mine surveying involves the measurement and mapping of underground mines and their workings. It is used to ensure the safety and efficiency of mining operations.
Route Survey: Route surveying involves the measurement and mapping of transportation routes such as highways, railways, and pipelines. It is used to ensure the safe and efficient construction of transportation infrastructure.
Archaeological Survey: Archaeological surveying involves the measurement and mapping of archaeological sites and their features. It is used to study and preserve archaeological sites for historical and cultural purposes.